Analysis of gender barriers in the insertion of women in Chilean volcanology

Abstract

The insertion of women in Chilean volcanology faces gender barriers that limit their access and professional development. Chile has the fourth lowest percentage of women with a STEM (Sciences, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) degree among OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, with an 8% compared to an average 16%. Likewise, only one out of three Chilean researchers is a woman. Within this context, the present study aims to investigate gender gaps in the integration of women in Chilean volcanology by following a predominantly qualitative, mixed-method approach, to recognize the stereotypes and gender roles that perpetuate them. By analyzing enrollment statistics, scientific publication data, and surveys and interviews, an underrepresentation of women in research, gender wage gaps, and difficulties in balancing work and caregiving responsibilities are found. Women are also commonly stereotyped in their aptitudes for fieldwork and face a constant need for validation. Nevertheless, they develop collective transformative practices from support networks and making role models visible. Deepening on the implementation of gender equity policies in STEM areas and strengthening female representation from early formative years are strongly recommended.